作業3補交

3 Ecosystems: what are they and how do they work?

3.6 what happens to matter in an ecosystem?
A:It can classified biogeochemical cycles,nurient cycles,hydrologic,water cycle,carbon cycle , nitrogen cycle and phosphorus cycle.

matter cycles within ecosystems and in the biosphere
事件循環在生態系和生物圈之內
biogeochemical cycles or nutrient cycles
地理生物化學週期或營養週期
water cycles through the biosphere
生物圈水循環
hydrologic cycle or water cycle
水文週期或水循環
transpiration
蒸騰
carbon cycles through the biosphere
生物圈碳循環
carbon cycle
碳循環
nitrogen cycles through the biosphere: bacteria in action
生物圈氮循環： 細菌作用
nitrogen cycle
氮循環
phosphorus cycles through the biosphere
生物圈磷循環
phosphorus cycles 磷循環
3.7 how do scientists study ecosystem?
A:
1.Some scientists use field reserch,laboratory reserch,and mathemtical and other models to learn about ecosystem.
2.Other scientists use models to simulate ecosystems.

4 Evolution and biodiversity
演變和生物多樣性
4.1 what is biological evolution and how does it occur?
A:
1.Biological evolution is the scientific explanation of how the earth's life changes over time.
2.It's could say that populations evolve when genes mutate and give some individuals genetic traits tjat enhance their abilities to survive and to produce offspring with these traits.

biological evolution
生物演變
theory of evolution
進化論
fossils
化石
mutations
變化
natural selection
天擇
adaption or adaptive trait
適應或能適應的特徵
differential reproduction
有差別的再生產
coevolution
趨同演化
4.2 how do geological and climate changes affect evolution?
A:They changed by tectonic plate movements,volcanic eruptions,earthquakes,and climate change that have shifted wildlife habitats,wiped out numbers of species,and created opportunities for the evolution of new species.

4.3 what is an ecological niche?
A:Ecological niche is as a result of biological evolution,each species plays a specific ecological role.

ecological niche or niche
生態區位或位置
generalist species
全科種類
specialist species
專家種類
4.4 how do extinction, speciation, and human activities affect biodiversity?
絕種，物種形成，人類活動如何影響生物多樣性？
speciation
物種形成
geographic isolation
地理隔離
reproductive isolation
生殖隔離
extinction
絕種
endemic species
地方性種類
background extinction
遠因絕種
mass extinction
大量絕種
4.5 how might genetic engineering affect evolution?
遺傳工程也許影響演變？
artificial selection
人擇
genetic engineering or gene splicing
遺傳工程或基因接合
genetically modified organisms(GMOs) or transgenic organism
基因上修改過的有機體(GMOs)或基因改造的有機體
5 Climate and biodiversity
氣候和生物多樣性
5.1 what factors influence climate?
什麼因素影響氣候？
weather
天氣
climate
氣候帶
latitude
緯度
elevation
海拔
currents
氣流
density
密集(度),稠密(度)
5.2 how does climate affect the nature and location of biomes?
氣候怎麼影響生物群系的本質和地點？
biomes
生物群系
desert
沙漠
grasslands
草原
permafrost
永凍土
forest systems
森林系統
5.3 how have we affected the world's terrestrial ecosystems?
我們怎麼影響世界的地球生態系？
5.4 what are the major types of aquatic systems?
什麼是水生系統的主要類型？
aquatic life zones
水生生活區域
plankton
浮游生物
nekton
游泳生物
benthos
海底生物
decomposers
分解者
5.5 what are the major ocean zones and how have we affected them?
什麼是主要海洋區域和我們怎麼影響了他們？
coast zone
海岸區域
estuaries
出海口
coastal wetlands
沿海沼澤地
intertidal zone
潮間帶的區域
open sea
遠海，開放海域
5.6 what are the major types of freshwater systems and how have we affected them?
什麼是淡水系統的主要類型和我們怎麼影響了他們？
lakes
湖
oligotrophic lake
營養缺乏的湖
eutrophic lake
營養正常的湖
cultural eutrophication
優養化
mesotrophic lakes
中營養的湖
surface water
水面
runoff
決賽
watershed
分水嶺
drainage basin
流域
inland wetlands
內地沼澤地